Asian Medieval History of Economy, Taxation, Revenue, Income source in Katyuri Kingdom of Kartikeyapur

History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar) - Part 113

   Early Medieval   Asian History of Katyuri Imperialism of Kartikeyapur in Kumaon, Garhwal and Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) -24

          (Early Asian Medieval History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar, Doti Nepal (Uttarakhand, India))

                          (Early Asian Medieval History (740-1100 AD)

                                              By: Bhishma Kukreti

                  Asian Medieval History of Economy in Katyuri Kingdom of Kartikeyapur

 The agriculture was main base for economy.

Rearing Goats and Sheep was also source of economy for some people.

 The potteries were essential requirements for common and elite people. The Potters used to barter their produces with people or traders.

             

Building and Temple Wood works- The crafts of building wood building or temples were still in progress and wood craftsmanship had same value as it had in later historical stages. Though temples of Katyuris were built by cutting stone the wood was essential for building and temples for common men.

Wooden Appliances- Wood crafts for making wheel, chariot, agriculture appliances, beds, building huts, bridges, arrows, etc was essentials and need not to stress that wood crafts men used to depend their earnings on wooden works.  The word on inscriptions Saudhbhangadhikrita (chief architect) and Karika (mason), Sutradhar (craftsman) suggest the importance of craftsmanship.

Weavers- Weaving was an essentials aspect for people.

Dyers- Dying was necessary and dyers had importance for economic development. It is also sure that tanners, cobblers, masons were there in Katyuri period.  

Trading with Tibet would have been common.

Mineral- Minerals was the source of economy too. The mines were state properties.  Iron, copper of Katyuri kingdom was in demand.

Forest- Forest produces were used for internal consumptions and export too. There was demand for Bhojpatra, Bamboo etc. Khandpati and Khandrakshasthanadhipati were responsible for mine and forest management.

Woolen produces- Woolen produces were used for internal consumption and export.

Herbs and Herbal medicines – Herbs and herbal produces were exported.

Animal and bird export- It is suggested that exclusive and useful animals and birds were exported from hills of Katyuri kingdom.

Gangajal Export- The Ganga water used to be exported.

Tourism- Tourism was a source of income for people and kingdom.  

                      Properties of Katyuri King

 The king was wholesale owner of land of Katyuri kingdom. However, the private land ownership persisted in the time. The palace had animals as cows, buffalos, horses, mules etc. Abhir used to look after milking and milk produce management. Kishor-Badva-Go-Mahishydhikrit used to look after animals of king.

                     Agro management in Katyuri Kingdom or Kartikeyapur

  The Katyuri kings of Kartikeyapur had strong agriculture administration.

Pramatar- Pramatar was an officer for measuring the land.

Upcharik or Pattkopcharik- The officer used to keep records or accounts of individual land.

Land Measurement- The land measurement units were Drona, Nalivapam, That means the land was measured by seed sowing capacity.

                

                                     Taxation  

Bhogpati and Shaulkik used keep tax records. There is no mention of types of taxes in Katyuri inscriptions of Kartikeyapur.

Bhat, Chat officers used to collect taxes on agriculture or animals or forest produces.

  

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti -bckukreti@gmail.com 1/8/2013

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

                           

History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand) to be continued… Part -114

Early Asian Medieval History of Katyuri Dynasty in Kumaon, Garhwal and Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued…25

        (Oriental Early Medieval History (740-1100 AD to be continued…)

                                        References

A1- Agrawal, D.P., J.S Kharkwal, 1998, Central Himalayas: an archeological, linguistic and cultural synthesis 

1-Atkinson, E.T. 1974 (new edition), 1974, Kumaon Hills

1A- Adhikari, Suryamani, 1997, The Khasa Kingdom

1B- Chandola, Khemanand, 1987, Across Himalayas through Ages: a study of relations between central Himalayas and western Tibet

2--Chaurasiya, Radhey Shyam, 2002, History of Ancient India: Earliest time to 1000AD

3--Dabral, Shiv Prasad , 1968, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Bhag-3 Pages 429-513)

3A- Elliot and Dowson, History of Indian (2^nd part)

4--Handa, O.C. 2002, history of Uttaranchal, Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi 27, page 22-44

4A- Joshi, M.C., 1990, Uttaranchal (Kumaon-Garhwal) Himalaya: an essay in historical anthropology 

5-Linrothe, Rob, 1999, Ruthless Compassion: Wrathful Deities in Early Indo Tibetan Esoteric Buddhist Art

6-Mishra, Nityanand, Source Materials of Kumaon History 

7-Mishra Baldev Prasad, Nepal ka Itihas

8- Pandey, B.D, 1937, new edition (1990), Kumaon ka Itihas

9- Pandey, Ram Niwas, 1997, Making of Modern Nepal, page 170

10-Rawat, Ajay S., 19 Garhwal Himalayas: A Study in Historical Perspective 

11-Satyankritan, Rahul, Garhwal

11A-Saklani, Dinesh Prasad, 1998, Ancient Communities of The Himalayas

11B- Tripathi, Ramdatt , Katyur ka Itihas

 12-Notes on Archeological Aspects of Uttarakhand: ascidehraduncircle.in/uttrakhand.html

13-Indian Archeology: A review, (edited by D. Mitra) 1979-80

14- Epigraphia  Indica 1982, Vol. XIII

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